Literature

Cableizer uses additional methods from standards, technical publications and books.

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the most important source of technical standards for electrical engineering and our software is based mainly the standards IEC 60287 and IEC 60853.

The technical brochures (TB) from Cigre and its magazine Elektra are a good source for better understanding of electrotechnical topics and sometimes provide additional methods not published in the IEC standards, many of which we implemented.

We have integrated findings and methods from a number of technical publications, including some of our own, several technical books and some manufacturer user guides.

International standards

IEC 60038 2009 (Ed 7.0) Standard Voltages
IEC 60071-1 2006 (Ed 8.0) + A1:2010 Insulation co-ordination – Part 1: Definitions, principles and rules
IEC 60092-352 2005 (Ed 3.0) Electrical Installation in ships – Part 352: Choice and installation of electrical cables
IEC 60228 2004 (Ed 3.0) Conductors of insulated cables
IEC 60287 Electric Cables - Calculation of the current rating
- Part 1-1 2023-05 (Ed 3.0) Current rating equations (100% load factor) and calculation of losses - General
- Part 1-2 2023-05 (Ed 2.0) Current rating equations (100% load factor) and calculation of losses - Sheath eddy current loss factors for two circuits in flat formation
- Part 1-3 2023-05 (Ed 2.0) Current rating equations (100% load factor) and calculation of losses - Current sharing between parallel single-core cables and calculation of circulating current losses
- Part 2-1 2023-05 (Ed 3.0) Thermal resistance - Calculation of thermal resistance
- Part 2-2 1995-05 (Ed 1.0) Thermal resistance - A method for calculating reduction factors for groups of cables in free air, protected from solar radiation
- Part 2-3 2017-04 (Ed 1.0) Thermal resistance - Cables installed in ventilated tunnels
- Part 3-1 2017-06 (Ed 2.0) Sections on operating conditions - Reference operating conditions and selection of cable type
- Part 3-2: Sections on operating conditions - Economic optimization of power cable size
- Part 3-3 2007-05 (Ed 1.0) Sections on operating conditions - Cables crossing external heat sources
IEC 60364-5-52 2009 (Ed 3.0) Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 5-52: Selection and erection of electrical equipment – Wiring systems
IEC 60502 Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages from 1 kv (Um = 1,2 kv) up to 30 kv (Um = 36 kv)
IEC 60840 2011 (Ed 4.0) Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages above 30 kV (U_m = 36 kV) up to 150 kV (U_m = 170 kV) – Test methods and requirements
IEC 60853 Electric Cables - Calculation of the cyclic and emergency current rating of cables
IEC 60909-2 Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems
IEC 60949 1988 (Ed 1.0) + A1:2008 Calculation of the thermally-permissible short-circuit currents, taking into account non-adiabatic heating effects
IEC 62067 2011 (Ed 2.0) Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages above 150 kV (U_m = 170 kV) up to 500 kV (U_m = 550 kV) – Test methods and requirements
IEC 62095 2003 (Ed 1.0) Electric cables – Calculations for current ratings – Finite element method
IEC 62440 2008 (Ed 1.0) Electric cables with a rated voltage not exceeding 450/750 V – Guide to use
IEC 62602 2009 (TR) Conductors of insulated cables - Data for AWG and kcmil sizes
IEC 62930 2017 (Ed 1.0) Electric cables for PV systems with a voltage rating of 1.5 kV d.c.

American standards

ANSI UL 1581-2011 Reference Standard for Electrical Wires, Cables, and Flexible Cords
ASTM B2-00 Standard Specification for Medium-Hard-Drawn Copper Wire
ASTM B8-04 Standard Specification for Concentric-Lay-Stranded Copper Conductors, Hard, Medium-Hard, or Soft
ASTM B226-04 Standard Specification for Cored, Annular, Concentric-Lay-Stranded Copper Conductors
ASTM B231-04 Standard Specification for Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum 1350 Conductors
ASTM B258-02 Standard Specification for Standard Nominal Diameters and Cross-Sectional Areas of AWG Sizes of Solid Round Wires Used as Electrical Conductors
ASTM B400-04 Standard Specification for Compact Round Concentric-Lay-Stranded Aluminum 1350 Conductors
ASTM F1883-2013 Standard Practice for Selection of Wire and Cable Size in AWG or Metric Units
EPRI Underground Transmission Systems Reference Book Green Book 2006 (1014840)
ICEA P-32-382-2007 (R2013) Short Circuit Characteristics of insulated cables
ICEA P-45-482-2005 Short circuit performance of metallic shields and sheaths on insulated cables
ICEA P-54-440-2009 Ampacities of Cables Installed in Cable Trays
ICEA S-94-649-2000 Concentric neutral cables
IEEE Std 442-2017 Guide for Thermal Resistivity Measurements of Soils and Backfill Materials
IEEE Std 575-2014 Bonding Shields and Sheaths of Single-Conductor Power Cables
IEEE Std 635-2003 Guide for Selection and Design of Aluminum Sheaths for Power Cables

European standards

EN 50525 2011 Electric cables - Low voltage energy cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V (U0/U)
EN 50565-1 2015 Electric cables - Guide to use for cables with a rated voltage not exceeding 450/750 V - Part 1: General guidance
HD 21 S1 2006 (Withdrawn) Cables of rated voltages up to and including 450/750 V and having thermoplastic insulation
HD 603 S2 2016 Distribution cables of rated voltage 0,6/1 kV
HD 620 S2 2010 Distribution cables with extruded insulation for rated voltages from 3,6/6 (7,2) kV up to and including 20,8/36 (42) kV
HD 632 S2 2008 Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages above 36 kV (Um = 42 kV) up to 150 kV (Um = 170 kV)

Guide TB 912_2023 Condition evaluation and lifetime strategy of HV cable systems
Guide TB 908_2023 Losses in Armoured Three Core Power Cables
Guide TB 899_2023 Recommendations for the use and testing of Fibre Optic Cables used in Land Cable Systems
Guide TB 889_2023 Installation of underground HV cable systems
Guide TB 883_2022 Installation of Submarine Power Cables
Guide TB 880_2022 Power cable rating examples for calculation tool verification
Guide TB 841_2021 After laying tests on AC and DC cable systems with new technologies
Guide TB 825_2021 Maintenance of HV Cable Systems
Guide TB 815_2020 Update of service experience of HV underground and submarine cable systems
Guide TB 806_2020 Responsible management of electric and magnetic fields (EMF)
Guide TB 801_2020 Guidelines for safe work on cable systems under induced voltages or currents
Guide TB 797_2020 Sheath bonding systems of AC transmission cables - design, testing, and maintenance
Guide TB 770_2019 Trenchless technologies
Guide TB 756_2019 Thermal monitoring of cable circuits and grid operators' use of dynamic rating systems
Guide TB 730_2018 Dry Air, N2, CO2 and N2-SF6 Mixtures for Gas-Insulated Systems
Guide TB 720_2018 Fire issues for insulated cables in air
Guide TB 714_2017 Long term performance of soil and backfill systems
Guide TB 689_2017 Life cycle assessment of underground cables
Guide TB 669_2016 Mechanical forces in large cross section cables systems
Guide TB 652_2016 Guide for the operation of self contained fluid filled cable systems
Guide TB 640_2015 A Guide for Rating Calculations of Insulated Cables
Guide TB 610_2015 Offshore generation cable connections
Guide TB 606_2015 Upgrading and uprating existing cable systems
Guide TB 559_2013 Impact of EMF on current ratings and cable systems
Guide TB 531_2013 Cable Systems Electrical Characteristics
Guide TB 338_2007 Statistics of AC underground cables in power networks
Guide TB 303_2006 Qualification procedures for power cables
Guide TB 297_2006 PD in power cables
Guide TB 283_2005 Special Bonding of High Voltage Power Cable Systems
Guide TB 279_2005 Maintenance HV Cables
Guide TB 272_2005 Large cross-sections and composite screens design
Guide TB 218_2003 Gas Insulated Transmission Lines (GIL)
Guide TB 194_2001 Construction, Laying and Installation Techniques
Guide TB 104_1996 Magnetic Fields in Cable Systems

Elektra 290_2017 Mechanical forces in large cross-section cables systems
Elektra 271_2013 Impact of EMF on current ratings
Elektra 265_2012 Overall cost comparison between cables and overhead lines
Elektra 248_2010 Cable Systems in Multi Purpose or Shared Structures
Elektra 222_2005 Special bonding of high voltage power cables
Elektra 212_2004 Thermal ratings of HV cable accessories
Elektra 174_1997 Magnetic Field calculation in underground cable systems with ferromagnetic components
Elektra 156_1994 Laying and installation of high voltage extruded cable systems - Literature evaluation data comparison
Elektra 145_1992 Methods for calculating cyclic ratings for buried cables with partial drying of the surrounding soil
Elektra 145_1992 Determination of a value of critical temperature rise for a cable backfill material
Elektra 144_1992 Calculation of temperatures in ventilated cable tunnels Appendix I-IV (plus Erratum Elektra203_2003)
Elektra 143_1992 Calculation of temperatures in ventilated cable tunnels
Elektra 128_1990 Guide to the protection of specially bonded cable systems against sheath overvoltages
Elektra 128_1990 The steady state thermal behaviour of accessories for cooled cable systems
Elektra 125_1989 Calculation of the continuous rating of three-core, rigid type, compressed gas insulated cables in still air and buried
Elektra 113_1987 The calculation of continuous rating for forced-cooled high pressure oil-filled pipe-type cables (plus Erratum Elektra119_1988)
Elektra 106_1986 Calculation of the continuous rating of single core, rigid type, compressed gas insulated cables in still air with solar radiation
Elektra 104_1986 Current ratings of cables buried in partially dried out soil
Elektra 104_1986 Forced cooled cables - Calculation of thermal transients and cyclic loads
Elektra 100_1985 Calculation of the continuous rating of single core, rigid type, compressed gas insulated cables in still air with no solar radiation
Elektra 098_1985 The calculation of the effective external thermal resistance of cables laid in materials having different thermal resistivities
Elektra 092_1984 Results of questionnaire on reliability of forced cooled cable installations (plus Erratum Elektra098_1985)
Elektra 087_1983 A simple formula for the calculation of the convective heat transfer between conductor and sheath in compressed gas insulated (CGI) cables (Vermeer1983)
Elektra 087_1983 Computer method for the calculation of the response of single-core cables to a step function thermal transient
Elektra 084_1982 The conditions controlling the drying-out of soil around power cables
Elektra 066_1979 The calculation of continuous ratings for forced cooled cables
Elektra 047_1976 The design of specially bonded cable systems part 2
Elektra 044_1976 Current ratings of cables for cyclic and emergency loads part 2
Elektra 028_1973 The design of specially bonded cable systems
Elektra 024_1972 Current ratings of cables for cyclic and emergency loads

Papers (list is not exhaustive)

A simple formula for the calculation of the convective heat transfer between conductor and sheath in compressed gas insulated (CGI) cables, J. Vermeer, 1983
Ampacity Calculations for Deeply Installed Cables, E. Dorison, G.J. Anders, and F. Lesur, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 25, No. 2, April 2010
Berechnung transienter Kabelerwärmungen unter Berücksichtigung möglicher Bodenaustrocknung, Uwe Beyer, 1985
Calculation of cable thermal rating considering non-isothermal earth surface, S. Purushothaman, F. de León, and M. Terracciano, 2014
Calculation of the Internal Thermal Resistance and Ampacity of 3-Core Unscreened Cables with Fillers, G.J. Anders, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 3, July 1998
Calculation of the Internal Thermal Resistance and Ampacity of 3-Core Screened Cables with Fillers, G.J. Anders, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No. 3, July 1999
Design of Exchangers Based on Heat Pipes for Hot Exhaust Thermal Flux, with the Capability of Thermal Shocks Absorption and Low Level Energy Recovery, A. Dumas and M. Trancossi, 2009
Effective assessment of electric power losses in three-core XLPE cables, Ander Madariaga et al., 2013
Empirical and theoretical models for prediction of soil thermal conductivity: a review and critical assessment, A. Różański, 2020
Estimation of soil thermal parameters from surface temperature of underground cables and prediction of cable rating, H.J. Li, 2005
Evaluation of DC electric field distribution of PPLP specimen based on the measurement of electrical conductivity in LN2, Jae-Sang Hwang et al., 2013
Experimental study of thermal field deriving from an underground electrical power cable buried in non-homogeneous soils, R. de Lieto Vollaro et al., 2014
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Gas Spacer Cables, K. Itaka et al., 1978
Improving the Under-Ground Cables Ampacity by using Artificial Backfill Materials, O.E. Gouda from 2010
Packing Cylinders into Cylindrical Containers, Kravitz, S., Math. Mag. 40, 65-70, 1967
Physical principles and calculation methods of moisture and heat transfer in cable trenches, H. Brakelmann, VDE-Verlag, 1984
Reference Correlation of the Thermal Conductivity of Sulfur Hexafluoride from the Triple Point to 1000 K and up to 150 MPa, M.J. Assael at al., 2012
Seminar Cables in Tunnels - IEE Power Division: Barbican Center Silk street, London, 2000
Series impedance of distribution cables with sector-shaped conductors, Andrew J. Urquhart, 2015
Steady State and Transient Ampacities of Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines, M. B. Eteiba, 2002
Steam and gas tables with computer equations, T.F. Irvine and P. Liley, 1984
Strombelastbarkeit von Starkstromkabeln in Erde bei Berücksichtigung der Bodenaustrocknung und eines Tageslastspieles, Franz Winkler, VDE-Verlag, 1978
The thermal rating of overhead-line conductors part I. The steady-state thermal model, V.T. Morgan, 1982
Thermal analysis of three-core SL-type cables with jacket around each core using the IEC standard, L.D. Ramirez et al., 2019
Thermal analysis of underground electrical power cables buried in non-homogeneous soils, R. de Lieto Vollaro et al., 2011.
Thermal Conductivity of Gaseous Air at Moderate and High Pressures, Daniel L. Carrol at al., 1968
Thermophysical and transport properties of humid air at temperature range between 0 and 100°C, P.T. Tsilingiris, 2007
VDE 0276-1000 Starkstromkabel Teil 1000 - Strombelastbarkeit, Allgemeines Umrechnungsfaktoren, VDE-Verlag, 1995

We attend and participated at many Cigre sessions, Jicable conventions, VDE and FKH Fachtagungen and other technical events. Check out a list of our own publications. All publications are publicly available for download.

2023 Jicable'23, Lyon, France
2021 Jicable'21 HVDC, Liège, Belgium
2021 CIRED, Geneva, Switzerland
2020 VDE Hochspannungstechnik, Berlin, Germany
2020 Cigre Session 48, Paris, France
2019 FKH Fachtagung Erdung, Olten, Switzerland
2019 Jicable'19, Versailles, France
2018 Cigre Session 47, Paris, France
2016 Cigre Session 46, Paris, France
2015 Jicable'15, Versailles, France
2014 ETG Kabeltagung, Zurich, Switzerland
2013 Cigre Fachtagung, Olten, Switzerland

Following books we own, use, and recommended for reading.

Ampacity of H.V. Multi-Insulation Cables at Different Cooling Methods, by Mohammed Ramiz Almallah, Scholars' Press, 2016
Ampacity Optimization of Unequally Loaded Power Cables, by Wael Moutassem, VDM Verlag, 2008
An Introduction to Materials Engineering and Science: For Chemical and Materials Engineers, chapter 8, by Brian S. Mitchell, Wiley Online Library, 2003
Analysis of Nonlinear Heat Transfer in Electric Cables, by Dvorsky Karl, Südwestdeutscher Verlag für Hochschulschriften AG and Company KG, 2013
Auswahl und Bemessung von Kabeln und Leitungen, by Herbert Schmolke, Hüthig und Pflaum, 4. Auflage, 2010
Boden und Energiewende - Trassenbau, Erdverkabelung und Erdwärme, by verschiedene Editoren, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015
Bonding of Underground Single-Core Cables and Sheath Losses, by Ossama Gouda, Adel Farag, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, 2013
Development of a Software Package for Calculating Current Rating of Medium Voltage Power Cables, by D.G.A.K. Wijeratna, J.R. Lucas et al., University of Moratuwa, 2003
Distributed Fiber Sensing and Dynamic Rating of Power Cables, by Sudhakar Cherukupalli, George Anders, IEEE Press, 2020
EHV AC Undergrounding Electrical Power - Performance and Planning, by Roberto Benato, Antonio Paolucci, Springer-Verlag London, 2010
Electric Cables Handbook by BICC Cables, by George F. Moore, Blackwell Science, 3. Edition 1997
Electrical Power Cable Engineering, by William A. Thue, 1999
Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution, by L.L. Grigsby, CRC Press, 3. Edition 2012
Elektrische Kraftwerke und Netze, by D. Oeding, B.R. Oswald, Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 8th Edition 2016
Electromagnetic Transients in Power Cables, by Filipe Faria da Silva, Claus Leth Bak, Springer-Verlag London, 2013
Extruded Cables For High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission - Advances in Research and Development, by G. Mazzanti, M. Marzinotto, John Wiley & Sons. 2013
Fundamentals of heat transfer, by S.S. Kutateladze, Academic Press, 1. Edition 1963
Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines, by Hermann Koch, Wiley, 2012
Handbook of Electric Power Calculations, by H. Wayne Beaty, Surya Santoso, McGraw-Hill Education, 4. edition 2015
Heat Transfer, by J.P. Holman, McGraw-Hill, 1990
High temperature superconductors (HTS) for energy applications, by Ziad Melhem, Woodhead Publishing, 2012
High-Tension Underground Electric Cables, by Henry Floy, Electrical Publishing Company, 1909
High Voltage Engineering, by J.R. Lucas, University of Moratuwa
Heat Transfer - A Practical Approach, by Yunus A. Cengel, 2014
Kabel und Leitungen für Starkstrom - Grundlagen und Produkt-Know-How für das Projektieren von Kabelanlagen, by L. Heinhold, R. Stubbe, Publicis Publishing, 5. Auflage 1999
Kabelanlagen für Hoch- und Höchstspannung, by E.P. Peschke, R. v. Olshausen, Publicis MCF Verlag, 1998
Overhead Power Lines - Planning, Design, Constructions, by F. Kissing, Springer, 2003
Power Line Ampacity System - Theory, Modeling, and Application, by Anjan K. Deb, CRC Press, 2000
Rating of Electric Power Cables, by G.J. Anders, McGraw-Hill Professional, 1. Edition 1997
Rating of Electric Power Cables in Unfavorable Thermal Environment, by G.J. Anders, Wiley-IEEE Press, 1. Edition 2005
SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2nd Edition
Smart Grid - Technology and Applicatons, by Janaka Ekanayake, Wiley, 2012
Submarine Power Cables, by T. Worzyk, Springer, 2009
Symmetrische Komponenten in Drehstromsystemen, by August Hochrainer, Springer-Verlag, 1957
The Mechanics of Soils and Foundations, by John Atkinson, Taylor and Francis, 2007
Thermal Design of Underground Systems, by B.M. Weedy, John Wiley & Sons, 1988
Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering, by Colin Bayliss, Elsevier, 2003
Underground Power Cables, by S. Y. King, N. A. Halfter, Longman Group Ltd., 1. Edition 1982

Interesting and helpful manufacturer user guides

Einziehen von Kabeln in Rohre, AEG, 1979
XLPE Underground Cable Systems Users Guide, ABB, Rev.3, 2007
XLPE Land Cable Systems Users Guide, ABB, Rev.5, 2010
XLPE Submarine Cable Systems - Attachment to XLPE Land Cable Systems Users Guide, ABB, 2010
Technical User Guide of High-Voltage XLPE Cable Systems, Brugg Cables, 2006
Manual for Transportation and Cable Laying, Brugg Cables, 2011
60-500 kV High Voltage Underground Power Cables - XLPE insulated cables, Nexans, 2013
Technik der Mittelspannungskabel, Nexans, ca. 2012
Submarine Power Cables, Nexans, 2013
6-36Kv Medium Voltage Underground Power Cables - XLPE insulated cables, Nexans, 2009
High Voltage Cable Systems - Cables and Accessories up to 550 kV, nkt cables, 2008
Power Cable Installation Guide, Southwire, 2005
Engineering Handbook - Engineering Data for Copper and Aluminum Conductor Electrical Cables, The Okonite Company, 2015
Pipe Type Cables, The Okonite Company, 2014
Okonite HPGH Cables - Technical Guide Plus Drawings, The Okonite Company, 1999