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Temperature rise by solar radiation

Symbol
$\Delta \theta_{sun}$
Unit
K
Formulae
$\sigma_{sun} D_o H_{sun} T_{4iii}$in air
$0.037H_{sun}-26.3$in air-filled trough
$28.751e^{-9.8d_t}$in channel (Heinhold)
$\frac{0.29H_{sun}}{{V_{air}}^{0.89} {L_{cm}}^{0.07} W_{sum}}$in filled trough
Related
$D_o$
Outer diameter [m]
$d_t$
Channel covering [m]
$H_{sun}$
Intensity of solar radiation [W/m$^2$]
$L_{cm}$
Depth of laying [m]
$\sigma_{sun}$
Absorption coefficient of solar radiation
$T_{4iii}$
Thermal resistance to ambient [K.m/W]
$V_{air}$
Air velocity [m/s]
$W_{sum}$
Sum of total losses of all systems [W/m]
Used in
$\Delta \theta_s$
Temperature difference surface to ambient [K]
$I_c$
Conductor current [A]
$T_{tr}$
Thermal resistance of trough [K.m/W]
$\theta_c$
Temperature of conductor [°C]
$\theta_{init}$
Air temperature with no load [°C]